Abstract
A significant part of everyday verbal communication consists of nonliteral language, including irony (Gibbs 2000). Efficient irony use can serve a wide range of pragmatic goals, while deficits in irony comprehension can have negative social consequences. Whereas a large body of psycholinguistic research has been produced on irony use and understanding by adults, little attention has been paid to the socio-cultural characteristics of this phenomenon so far. Some individual factors that have been identified as correlates of irony use include personality of the speaker, gender, age, or speaking a second language. In this article, we argue that it is necessary to bring the aspects of socio-cultural variables and individual characteristics together in the further study of irony across national cultures. To this end, we present a narrative review of theoretical and quantitative empirical literature from the field of psycholinguistics on both national cultural and individual/psychological factors impacting the use and understanding of verbal irony in communication. Based on the review, we suggest a theoretical model that could guide future quantitative studies on irony use such that both contextual factors (including national cultural dimensions) and individual differences between the speakers are clearly defined and related to one another in terms of their influence.
References
Adam-Troian, J., Wagner?Egger, P., Motyl, M., Arciszewski, T., Imhoff, R., Zimmer, F., ... & van Prooijen, J. W. (2021). Investigating the links between cultural values and belief in conspiracy theories: The key roles of collectivism and masculinity. Political Psychology, 42(4), 597-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12716
Aguert, M., Laval, V., Gauducheau, N., Atifi, H., & Marcoccia, M. (2016). Producing irony in adolescence: A comparison between face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3) 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0013
Akimoto, Y., Miyazawa, S., Muramoto, T. (2012). Comprehension processes of verbal irony: The effects of salience, egocentric context, and allocentric theory of mind. Metaphor and Symbol, 27(3) 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2012.691750
Antoniou, K., Veenstra, A., Kissine, M., & Katsos, N. (2020). How does childhood bilingualism and bi-dialectalism affect the interpretation and processing of pragmatic meanings? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 186-203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001189
Ask, K., & Abidin, C. (2018). My life is a mess: self-deprecating relatability and collective identities in the memification of student issues. Information, Communication & Society, 21(6), 834-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1437204
Attardo, S. (2000). Irony markers and functions: Towards a goal-oriented theory of irony and its processing. Rask, 12(1), 3-20.
Attardo, S. (2002). Humor and irony in interaction: From mode adoption to failure. In L. Anolli, R. Ciceri, & G. Riva (Eds.), Say not to say: New perspectives on miscommunication (pp. 159-179). IOS Press.
Attardo, S., Eisterhold, J., Hay, J., & Poggi, I. (2003). Multimodal markers of irony and sarcasm. Humor, 16, 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2003.012
Averbeck, J. M. (2010). Irony and language expectancy theory: Evaluations of expectancy violation outcomes. Communication Studies, 61(3), 356-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510971003776147
Averbeck, J. M., & Hample, D. (2008). Ironic message production: How and why we produce ironic messages. Communication Monographs, 75(4), 396-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802512389
Banasik-Jemielniak, N. (2013). Non-literal speech comprehension in preschool children–An example from a study on verbal irony. Psychology of Language and Communication, 17(3), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.2478/plc-2013-0020
Banasik-Jemielniak, N. (2019). Children's exposure to irony in the first four years of their life: what we learn about the use of ironic comments by mothers from the analysis of the Providence corpus of CHILDES. Psychology of Language and Communication, 23(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2478/plc-2019-0001
Banasik-Jemielniak N., & Bokus, B. (2019). Children’s comprehension of irony: Studies on Polish-speaking preschoolers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(5), 1217-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09654-x
Banasik-Jemielniak N., Bosacki, S., Mitrowska, A., Wyr?bek Walters, D., Wisiecka, K., Copeland, N. E., ... & Siemieniuk, A. (2020). “Wonderful! We’ve just missed the bus.”–Parental use of irony and children’s irony comprehension. PloS One, 15(2), e0228538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228538
Banasik-Jemielniak, N., & Podsiad?o, K. (2016). Comprehension of ironic utterances by bilingual children. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 316-335. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0019
Bajerski, M. (2016). “I understand you, so I’ll not hurt you with my irony”: Correlations between irony and emotional intelligence. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0015
Barta, P. (2013). The fall of the Iron Curtain and the culture of Europe. Routledge.
Basak, B. E., & Can, G. (2014). The relationships between humor styles, shyness and automatic thoughts among university students. Egitim ve Bilim, 39, 365-376. https://doi.org/ 10.15390/EB.2014.2619
Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2020). Seeing bias in irony: How recipients infer speakers’ stereotypes from their ironic remarks about social-category members. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(7), 1085-1102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219887439
Bianchi, I., Canestrari, C., Roncoroni, A. M., Burro, R., Branchini, E., & Savardi, U. (2017). The effects of modulating contrast in verbal irony as a cue for giftedness. Humor, 30(4), 383-415. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0028
Blasko, D. G., Kazmerski, V. A., & Dawood, S. S. (2021). Saying what you don’t mean: A cross-cultural study of perceptions of sarcasm. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(2), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000258
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R.C., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem—A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396-410. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
Bouton, L. F. (1994). Conversational implicature in the second language: Learned slowly when not deliberately taught. Journal of Pragmatics, 22, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90065-5
Bowes, A., & Katz, A. (2011). When sarcasm stings. Discourse Processes, 48(4), 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2010.532757
Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2012). On the misuse of national culture dimensions. International Marketing Review, 29(6), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331211277991
Bromberek-Dyzman, K., & Rataj, K. (2016). Irony comprehension in the nonnative language comes at a cost. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0020
Bruntsch, R., Hofmann, J., & Ruch, W. (2016). Virgin soil in irony research: Personality, humor, and the “sense of irony”. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(1) 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000054
Bruntsch, R., & Ruch, W. (2017a). The role of humor-related traits and broad personality dimensions in irony use. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.004
Bruntsch, R., & Ruch, W. (2017b). Studying irony detection beyond ironic criticism: Let's include ironic praise. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00606
Bryant, G. A. (2010). Prosodic contrasts in ironic speech. Discourse Processes, 47(7), 545-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530903531972
Bryant, G. A., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2002). Recognizing verbal irony in spontaneous speech. Metaphor and Symbol, 17(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1702_2
Bryant, G. A., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2005). Is there an ironic tone of voice? Language and Speech, 48(3), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309050480030101
Bosco, F. M., & Bucciarelli, M. (2008). Simple and complex deceits and ironies. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(4), 583-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.004
Burgers, C., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2016). Stereotype transmission and maintenance through interpersonal communication: The irony bias. Communication Research, 43(3), 414-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534975
Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., Kelder, M., & Peeters, M. M. (2015). How sports fans forge intergroup competition through language: The case of verbal irony. Human Communication Research, 41(3), 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12052
Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2016). Figurative framing: Shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Communication Theory, 26(4), 410-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12096
Burgoon, M., Denning, P. V., & Roberts, L. (2002). Language expectancy theory. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 117–137). Sage
Caffarra, S., Michell, E., & Martin, C. D. (2018). The impact of foreign accent on irony interpretation. PloS One, 13(8), e0200939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200939
Canestrari, C., & Bianchi, I. (2018). Perceptual opposites and the modulation of contrast in irony. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 16(1), 48-71. https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00003.can
Canestrari, C., Bianchi, I., & Cori, V. (2018). De-polarizing verbal irony. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2017.1368525
Cardon, P. W. (2008). A critique of Hall's contexting model: A meta-analysis of literature on intercultural business and technical communication. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 22(4), 399-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1050651908320361
Caucci, G. M., & Kreuz, R. J. (2012). Social and paralinguistic cues to sarcasm. Humor, 25(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2012-0001
Chen, G. H., & Martin, R. A. (2007). A comparison of humor styles, coping humor, and mental health between Chinese and Canadian university students. Humor, 20(3), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2007.011
Chen, X. Y., Rubin, K. H., & Sun, Y. R. (1992). Social reputation and peer relationships in Chinese and Canadian children: A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 63, 1336-1343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01698.x
Chen, S. X. (2015). Toward a social psychology of bilingualism and biculturalism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12088
Cheang, H. S., & Pell, M. D. (2008). The sound of sarcasm. Speech Communication, 50(5), 366-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2007.11.003
Cheang, H. S., & Pell, M. D. (2009). Acoustic markers of sarcasm in Cantonese and English. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(3), 1394-1405. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3177275
Cheang, H. S., & Pell, M. D. (2011). Recognizing sarcasm without language: A cross-linguistic study of English and Cantonese. Pragmatics & Cognition, 19(2), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.19.2.02che
Cie?licka, A. B. (2017). Bilingual figurative language processing. In: A. Ardila, A. B., Cie?licka, R. R. Heredia, & M. Roselli (Eds.). Psychology of Bilingualism (pp. 75-118). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64099-0_4
Clark, H. H., & Gerrig, R. J. (1984). On the pretense theory of irony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(1), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.121
Colston, H. L. (1997). "I've never seen anything like it": Overstatement, understatement, and irony. Metaphor and Symbol, 12(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1201_4
Colston, H. L. (2002). Contrast and assimilation in verbal irony. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(2), 111-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)80008-X
Colston H. L. (2019). Irony as indirectness cross-linguistically: On the scope of generic mechanisms. In: Capone A., García-Carpintero M., & Falzone A. (Eds.). Indirect reports and pragmatics in the world languages (pp. 109-131). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78771-8_6
Colston, H. L., & Lee, Y. S. (2004). Gender differences in verbal irony use. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(4), 289-306. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1904_3
Colston, H. L., & O'Brien, J. (2000a). Contrast and pragmatics in figurative language: Anything understatement can do, irony can do better. Journal of Pragmatics, 32(11), 1557-1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00110-1
Colston, H. L., & O'Brien, J. (2000b). Contrast of kind versus contrast of magnitude: The pragmatic accomplishments of irony and hyperbole. Discourse Processes, 30(2), 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950DP3002_05
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
Croucher, S. M., Bruno, A., McGrath, P., Adams, C., McGahan, C., Suits, A., & Huckins, A. (2012). Conflict styles and high–low context cultures: A cross-cultural extension. Communication Research Reports, 29(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.640093
De Mooij, M. (2013). On the misuse and misinterpretation of dimensions of national culture. International Marketing Review, 30(3), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331311321990
De Meulenaer, S., De Pelsmacker, P., & Dens, N. (2018). Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and the effects of source credibility on health risk message compliance. Health Communication, 33(3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1266573
Dews, S., & Winner, E. (1995). Muting the meaning. A social function of irony. Metaphor and Symbol, 10(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1001_2
Dews, S., Kaplan, J., & Winner, E. (1995). Why not say it directly? The social functions of irony. Discourse Processes, 19(3), 347-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539509544922
Dress, M. L., Kreuz, R. J., Link, K. E., & Caucci, G. M. (2008). Regional variation in the use of sarcasm. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 27(1), 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X07309512
Dillard, J. P. (1990). A goal-driven model of interpersonal influence. In J. P. Dillard (Ed.), Seeking compliance: The production of interpersonal influence messages (pp. 41-56). Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
Dimitrov, K. (2014). Geert Hofstede et al’s set of national cultural dimensions-Popularity and criticisms. Economic Alternatives, 2, 30-60. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1810.02621
Dionigi, A., Duradoni, M., & Vagnoli, L. (2021). Humor and personality: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the comic styles markers and its relationships with the big five personality traits. Current Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01303-0
Dynel, M. (2014). Isn't it ironic? Defining the scope of humorous irony. Humor, 27(4), 619-639. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2014-0096
Dynel, M. (2017). Academics vs. American scriptwriters vs. Academics: A battle over the etic and emic ‘sarcasm’ and ‘irony’ labels. Language & Communication, 55, 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2016.07.008
Ervin-Tripp, S., & Lampert, M. D. (1992). Gender differences in the construction of humorous talk. In: K. Hall, M. Bucholz, & B. Moonwomon (Eds.), Locating power (pp. 105-117). Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Fernández, I., Carrera, P., Sánchez, F., Paez, D., & Candia, L. (2000). Differences between cultures in emotional verbal and non-verbal reactions. Psicothema, 12, 83-92.
Filippova, E. (2014). Developing appreciation of irony in Canadian and Czech discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 74, 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.09.003
Fischer, R., Vauclair, C. M., Fontaine, J. R., & Schwartz, S. H. (2010). Are individual-level and country-level value structures different? Testing Hofstede’s legacy with the Schwartz Value Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(2), 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109354377
Fish, S. (1983). Short people got no reason to live: Reading irony. Daedalus, 112(1): 175–191.
Garmendia, J. (2014). The clash: Humor and critical attitude in verbal irony. Humor, 27(4), 641-659. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2014-0094
Garmendia, J. (2018). Irony. Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R.W. (2000). Irony in talk among friends. Metaphor and Symbol, 15(1-2), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2000.9678862
Gibbs, R. W. (2012). Are ironic acts deliberate? Journal of Pragmatics, 44(1), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.11.001
Gibbs R. W., Bryant G. A., & Colston H. L. (2014). Where is the humor in verbal irony? Humor, 27(4), 575-595. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2014-0106
Gibbs, R. W., & Colston, H. L. (Eds.). (2007). Irony in language and thought: A cognitive science reader. Psychology Press.
Giles, R. M., Rothermich, K., & Pell, M. D. (2019). Differences in the evaluation of prosocial lies: A cross-cultural study of Canadian, Chinese and German adults. Frontiers in Communication, 4, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00038
Giora, R., Fein, O., Ganzi, J., Levi, N. A., & Sabah, H. (2005). On negation as mitigation: The case of negative irony. Discourse Processes, 39(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326950dp3901_3
Giora, R., Fein, O., Kaufman, R., Eisenberg, D., & Erez, S. (2009). Does an “ironic situation” favor an ironic interpretation. In G. Brone, & J. Vandaele (Eds.), Cognitive poetics: Goals, gains and gaps (pp. 383-399). Mouton De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110213379
Giora, R., Givoni, S., & Fein, O. (2015). Defaultness reigns: The case of sarcasm. Metaphor and Symbol, 30(4), 290-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2015.1074804
Goddard, C. (2006). “Lift your game Martina!”: Deadpan jocular irony and the ethnopragmatics of Australian English. In C. Goddard (Ed.), Ethnopragmatics (pp. 65-98). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911114.65
Goetz, P. J. (2003). The effects of bilingualism on theory of mind development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001007
González-Fuente, S., Escandell-Vidal, V., & Prieto, P. (2015). Gestural codas pave the way to the understanding of verbal irony. Journal of Pragmatics, 90, 26-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.10.002
Greene, V. S. (2019). “Deplorable” satire: Alt-right memes, white genocide tweets, and redpilling normies. Studies in American Humor, 5(1), 31-69. https://doi.org/10.5325/studamerhumor.5.1.0031
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In: P. Cole, & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics. Volume 3: Speech acts (pp. 225-242). Academic Press.
Gucman, M. (2016). The role of individual differences and situational factors in perception of verbal irony. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 255-277. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0016
Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1986). Attributional confidence in low-and high-context cultures. Human Communication Research, 12(4), 525-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00090.x
Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00042-0
Gudykunst, W. B., Yang, S. M., & Nishida, T. (1987). Cultural differences in self-consciousness and self-monitoring. Communication Research, 14(1), 7-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365087014001002
Guhin, J. (2013). Is irony good for America? The threat of nihilism, the importance of romance, and the power of cultural forms. Cultural Sociology, 7(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975512453545
Guiller, J., & Durndell, A. (2006). ‘I totally agree with you’: gender interactions in educational online discussion groups. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00184.x
Gunkel, M., Schlägel, C., & Engle, R.L. (2014). Culture's influence on emotional intelligence: An empirical study of nine countries. Journal of International Management, 20(2), 256-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2013.10.002
Gunkel, M., Schlaegel, C., & Taras, V. (2016). Cultural values, emotional intelligence, and conflict handling styles: A global study. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.02.001
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Key concepts: Underlying structures of culture. In Understanding cultural differences: Germans, French, and Americans. Intercultural Press
Hancock, J. T. (2004). Verbal irony use in face-to-face and computer-mediated conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(4), 447-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X04269587
Harris, M., & Pexman, P. M. (2003). Children's perceptions of the social functions of verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 36(3), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950DP3603_1
Heintz, S. (2019). Locating eight comic styles in basic and broad concepts of humor: Findings from self-reports and behavior tests. Current Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00179-z
Hofmann, J., Platt, T., Lau, C., & Torres-Marín, J. (2020). Gender differences in humor-related traits, humor appreciation, production, comprehension, (neural) responses, use, and correlates: A systematic review. Current Psychology, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00724-1
Hofstede, G. (1996). Riding the waves of commerce: A test of Trompenaars' “model” of national culture differences. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00003-X
Hofstede, G., (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307-0919. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Holtgraves, T. (1997). Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3) 624-637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.624
Holtgraves, T. (2005). Social psychology, cognitive psychology, and linguistic politeness. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture, 1(1), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.73
Hornowska, E., & Charytonik, J. (2011). Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza Stylów Humoru (HSQ) R. Martina, P. Puhlik-Doris, G. Larsena, J. Gray i K. Weir. [Polish adaptation of the Humor Styles Questionnaire by R. Martin, P. Puhlik-Doris, G. Larsen, J. Gray, and K. Weir] Studia Psychologiczne, 49(4), 5-22.
Ivanko, S. L., & Pexman, P. M. (2003). Context incongruity and irony processing. Discourse Processes, 35(3), 241-279. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950DP3503_2
Ivanko, S. L., Pexman, P. M., & Olineck, K. M. (2004). How sarcastic are you? Individual differences and verbal irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(3), 244-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X04266809
Jacob, H., Kreifelts, B., Nizielski, S., Schütz, A., & Wildgruber, D. (2016). Effects of emotional intelligence on the impression of irony created by the mismatch between verbal and nonverbal cues. PloS One, 11(10), e0163211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163211
Jansen, N., & Chen, A. (2020). Prosodic encoding of sarcasm at the sentence level in Dutch. [Paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Tokyo, 25-28 May].
Javor, R. (2016). Bilingualism, theory of mind and perspective-taking: The effect of early bilingual exposure. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 5(6), 143-148. https://doi.org/ 10.11648/j.pbs.20160506.13
Jiang, F., Lu, S., Jiang, T., & Jia, H. (2020). Does the relation between humor styles and subjective well-being vary across culture and age? A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02213
Jiang, F., Dong, X., & Lu, S. (2011). Different attitudes toward humor between Chinese and American students: Evidence from the Implicit Association Test. Psychological Reports, 109(1), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2466/09.17.21.PR0.109.4.99-107
Jorgensen, J. (1996). The functions of sarcastic irony in speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(5), 613-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00067-4
Kappogiani, E. (2011). Irony via “surrealism.” In M. Dynel (Ed.), The pragmatics of humour across discourse domains (pp. 51-68). Routledge.
Ka?owski, P., Szymaniak, K., & Maciantowicz, O. (2021). Exploring the links between trait anger, self-reported sarcasm use, and narcissism. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 17(4), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0335-6
Katz, A. N., & Pexman, P. M. (1997). Interpreting figurative statements: Speaker occupation can change metaphor to irony. Metaphor and Symbol, 12(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1201_3
Katz, A. N., Blasko, D. G., & Kazmerski, V. A. (2004). Saying what you don't mean: Social influences on sarcastic language processing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(5), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00304.x
Kazarian, S. S., & Martin, R. A. (2006). Humor styles, culture-related personality, well-being, and family adjustment among Armenians in Lebanon. Humor, 19(4), 405-423. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2006.020
Kim, J. (2014). How Korean EFL learners understand sarcasm in L2 English. Journal of Pragmatics, 60, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.08.016
Kim, J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2018). Developing conceptual understanding of sarcasm in L2 English through explicit instruction. Language Teaching Research, 22(2), 208-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816675521
Kim, D., Pan, Y., & Park, H. S. (1998). High?versus low?Context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean, and American cultures. Psychology & Marketing, 15(6), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199809)15:6<507::AID-MAR2>3.0.CO;2-A
Kleinsmith, A., De Silva, P. R., & Bianchi-Berthouze, N. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in recognizing affect from body posture. Interacting with Computers, 18(6), 1371-1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2006.04.003
Kobayashi, C., Glover, G. H., & Temple, E. (2006). Cultural and linguistic influence on neural bases of ‘Theory of Mind’: an fMRI study with Japanese bilinguals. Brain and Language, 98(2), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.013
Kobayashi, C., Glover, G. H., & Temple, E. (2008). Switching language switches mind: linguistic effects on developmental neural bases of ‘Theory of Mind’. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(1), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm039
Kovács, Á. M., & Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6556-6560. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811323106
Kring, A. M. (2000). Gender and anger. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 211–231). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628191.011
Kreuz, R. J. (1996). The use of verbal irony: Cues and constraints. In: J. S. Mio, & A. N. Katz, (Eds.), Metaphor: Implications and applications, (pp. 23-38). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kreuz, R. J. (2000). The production and processing of verbal irony. Metaphor and Symbol, 15(1-2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2000.9678867
Kreuz, R. J. (2020). Irony and sarcasm. MIT Press.
Kreuz, R. J., & Caucci, G. M. (2007, April). Lexical influences on the perception of sarcasm. In Proceedings of the Workshop on computational approaches to Figurative Language (pp. 1-4). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Kreuz, R. J., & Johnson, A. A. (2020). The production of verbal irony. How to be an ironist. In J. Barnden, & A. Gargett (Eds.), Producing Figurative Expression: Theoretical, experimental and practical perspectives (pp. 263-295). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.10.10kre
Kreuz, R. J., Long, D. L., & Church, M. B. (1991). On being ironic: Pragmatic and mnemonic implications. Metaphor and Symbol, 6(3), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms0603_1
Kreuz, R. J., & Link, K. E. (2002). Asymmetries in the use of verbal irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/02627X02021002002
Kreuz, R. J., & Roberts, R. M. (1995). Two cues for verbal irony: Hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice. Metaphor and Symbol, 10(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1001_3
Kumon-Nakamura, S., Glucksberg, S., & Brown, M. (1995). How about another piece of pie: The allusional pretense theory of discourse irony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.124.1.3
Lampert, M. D., & Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (2006). Risky laughter: Teasing and self-directed joking among male and female friends. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(1), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.004
Leets, L. (2003). Disentangling perceptions of subtle racist speech: A cultural perspective. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 145-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X03022002001
Leggitt, J. S., & Gibbs, R. W. (2000). Emotional reactions to verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 29(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950dp2901_1
Loevenbruck, H., Ben Jannet, M. A, D’Imperio, M., Spini, M., & Champagne-Lavau, M. (2013). Prosodic cues of sarcastic speech in French: Slower, higher, wider. [Paper presented at the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (INTERSPEECH 2013), Lyon, 25-29 August].
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(3), 369-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549709595447
?aguna, M., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., & Dzwonkowska, I. (2007). Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga–polska adaptacja metody. Psychologia Spo?eczna, 2(02), 164-176.
Matthews, D, Biney, H., & Abbot-Smith, K. (2018). Individual differences in children’s pragmatic ability: a review of associations with formal language, social cognition, and executive functions. Language Learning and Development, 14(3), 186-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2018.1455584
Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022189201006
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. (2018). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-03294-1
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 38-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
Mewhort?Buist, T. A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2013). What are you really saying? Associations between shyness and verbal irony comprehension. Infant and Child Development, 22(2), 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1769
Mewhort-Buist, T. A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2017). Shy individuals’ interpretations of counterfactual verbal irony. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(4), 262-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2017.1384275
Mauchand, M., Vergis, N., & Pell, M. D. (2018). Ironic tones of voices. [Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Pozna?, Poland, 13-16 June].
Mauchand, M., Vergis, N., & Pell, M. D. (2020). Irony, prosody, and social impressions of affective stance. Discourse Processes, 57(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2019.1581588
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1990). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5(2), 19-37.
Mendiburo-Seguel, A., & Heintz, S. (2020). Comic styles and their relation to the sense of humor, humor appreciation, acceptability of prejudice, humorous self-image and happiness. Humor, 33(3), 381-403. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2018-0151
Mendiburo?Seguel, A., Páez, D., & Martínez?Sánchez, F. (2015). Humor styles and personality: A meta?analysis of the relation between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12209
Mesquita, B. (2003). Emotions as dynamic cultural phenomena. In: Davidson, R., Scherer, K., & Goldsmith, H. (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 871-890). Oxford University Press.
Milanowicz, A. (2013). Irony as a means of perception through communication channels. Emotions, attitude and IQ related to irony across gender. Psychology of Language and Communication, 17(2), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.2478/plc-2013-0008
Milanowicz, A., & Bokus, B. (2013). Gender and moral judgments: the role of who is speaking to whom. Journal of Gender Studies, 22(4), 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2012.719314
Milanowicz, A., & Bokus, B. (2020). W krzywym zwierciadle ironii i autoironii. O kobietach i m??czyznach nie wprost [The distorted lens of irony and self-mockery. A gender comparison]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Milanowicz, A., & Ka?owski, P. (2016). Zing Zing Bang Bang: how do you know what she really meant. Gender bias in response to irony: the role of who is speaking to whom. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0014
Milanowicz, A., Tarnowski, A., & Bokus, B. (2017). When sugar-coated words taste dry: The relationship between gender, anxiety, and response to irony. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02215
Nichols, E. S., Wild, C. J., Stojanoski, B., Battista, M. E., & Owen, A. M. (2020). Bilingualism affords no general cognitive advantages: A population study of executive function in 11,000 people. Psychological Science, 31(5), 548–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620903113
Nilsen, E. S., Glenwright, M., & Huyder, V. (2011). Children and adults understand that verbal irony interpretation depends on listener knowledge. Journal of Cognition and Development, 12(3), 374-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2010.544693
Nilsson, P. E. (2021). The new extreme right: Uncivility, irony, and displacement in the French re-information sphere. Nordicom Review, 42(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0008
Ning, H. K., Lee, D., & Lee, W. O. (2015). Relationships between teacher value orientations, collegiality, and collaboration in school professional learning communities. Social Psychology of Education, 18(2), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-015-9294-x
O'Brien, S. (2004). On death and donuts: Irony and ecology after September 11. Cultural Critique, 58, 148-167.
Okamoto, S. (2002). Politeness and the perception of irony: Honorifics in Japanese. Metaphor and Symbol, 17(2), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1702_3
Okamoto, S. (2006). Perception of hiniku and oseji: How hyperbole and orthographically deviant styles influence irony-related perceptions in the Japanese language. Discourse Processes, 41(1), 25-50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326950dp4101_3
Okamoto, S. (2007). An analysis of the usage of Japanese hiniku: Based on the communicative insincerity theory of irony. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(6), 1143-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.08.012
Pawlak, M. C. (2019). How to be sarcastic in Greek: Typical means of signaling sarcasm in the New Testament and Lucian. Humor, 32(4), 545-564. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2018-0088
Peters, S., Wilson, K., Boiteau, T. W., Gelormini-Lezama, C., & Almor, A. (2016). Do you hear it now? A native advantage for sarcasm processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2) 400-414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000048
Pexman, P. M. (2005). Social factors in the interpretation of verbal irony: The roles of speaker and listener characteristics. In H. L. Colston, & A. N. Katz (Eds.), Figurative language comprehension: Social and cultural influences (pp. 209-232). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pexman, P. M. (2008). It's fascinating research: The cognition of verbal irony. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 286-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00591.x
Pexman, P. M., Glenwright, M., Krol, A., & James, T. (2005). An acquired taste: Children's perceptions of humor and teasing in verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 40(3), 259-288. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326950dp4003_5
Pexman, P. M., & Olineck, K. M. (2002). Does sarcasm always sting? Investigating the impact of ironic insults and ironic compliments. Discourse Processes, 33(3), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950DP3303_1
Pexman, P. M., & Zvaigzne, M. T. (2004). Does irony go better with friends? Metaphor and Symbol, 19(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1902_3
Plessen, C. Y., Franken, F. R., Ster, C., Schmid, R. R., Wolfmayr, C., Mayer, A. M., ... & Tran, U. S. (2020). Humor styles and personality: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relations between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109676
Pryor, B., Butler, J., & Boehringer, K. (2005). Communication apprehension and cultural context: A comparison of communication apprehension in japanese and american students. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 247-252.
Quinones, C., & Kakabadse, N. K. (2015). Self-concept clarity, social support, and compulsive Internet use: A study of the US and the UAE. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.019
Rankin, K. P., Salazar, A., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Sollberger, M., Wilson, S. M., Pavlic, D., ... & Miller, B. L. (2009). Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: Anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. Neuroimage, 47(4), 2005-2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.077
Rao, R. (2013). Prosodic consequences of sarcasm versus sincerity in Mexican Spanish. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(2), 33-59.
Recchia, H. E., Howe, N., Ross, H. S., & Alexander, S. (2010). Children's understanding and production of verbal irony in family conversations. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X401903
Reyes, A., Rosso, P., & Buscaldi, D. (2012). From humor recognition to irony detection: The figurative language of social media. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 74, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2012.02.005
Rivière, E., Klein, M., & Champagne-Lavau, M. (2018). Using context and prosody in irony understanding: Variability amongst individuals. Journal of Pragmatics, 138, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.10.006
Roberts, R. M., & Kreuz, R. J. (1994). Why do people use figurative language? Psychological Science, 5(3), 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00653.x
Rockwell, P., & Theriot, E. M. (2001). Culture, gender, and gender mix in encoders of sarcasm: A self?assessment analysis. Communication Research Reports 18(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090109384781
Rosen, D., Stefanone, M. A., & Lackaff, D. (2010, January). Online and offline social networks: Investigating culturally-specific behavior and satisfaction. In Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2010.292
Rubio-Fernández, P., & Glucksberg, S. (2012). Reasoning about other people's beliefs: Bilinguals have an advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(1), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025162
Ruch, W., Heintz, S., Platt, T., Wagner, L., & Proyer, R. T. (2018). Broadening humor: comic styles differentially tap into temperament, character, and ability. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00006
Rui, J., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Strategic self-presentation online: A cross-cultural study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.022
Sanchez-Burks, J., Lee, F., Choi, I., Nisbett, R., Zhao, S., & Koo, J. (2003). Conversing across cultures: East-West communication styles in work and nonwork contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.363
Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. G., Matsumoto, D., & Kudoh, T. (1988). Emotional experience in cultural context: a comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States. In: Scherer, K. R. (Ed.), Faces of emotions (pp. 5-30). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2-3), 137-182. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913306778667357
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116
Schwartz, S. H. (2013). Culture matters: National value cultures, sources, and consequences. In Understanding culture (pp. 137-160). Psychology Press.
Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022195261007
Simpson, P. (2019). "Americans don't do Irony." Cross-cultural perspectives on the pragmatics of irony. In P. Simpson (Ed.), Style, rhetoric, and creativity in language: In memory of Walter (Bill) Nash (pp. 171-193). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/lal.34.12sim
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(4), 526. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037039
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1981). Irony and the use-mention distinction. Philosophy, 3, 143-184.
Spini, D. (2003). Measurement equivalence of 10 value types from the Schwartz value survey across 21 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102239152
Spotorno, N., Koun, E., Prado, J., Van Der Henst, J. B., & Noveck, I. A. (2012). Neural evidence that utterance-processing entails mentalizing: The case of irony. NeuroImage, 63(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.046
Straub, D., Loch, K., Evaristo, R., Karahanna, E., & Srite, M. (2002). Toward a theory-based measurement of culture. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 10(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2002010102
Szymaniak, K., & Ka?owski, P. (2020). Trait anger and sarcasm use. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109662
Tan, K. C., & Cheng, S. (2020). Sang subculture in post-reform China. Global Media and China, 5(1), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436420904459
Taylor, C. (2016). Mock politeness in English and Italian: A corpus-assisted metalanguage analysis. John Benjamins.
Taylor, C. (2017). The relationship between irony and sarcasm: Insights from a first-order
metalanguage investigation. Journal of Politeness Research, 13(2), 209-241. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0037
Tiv, M., Rouillard, V., Vingron, N., Wiebe, S., & Titone, D. (2019). Global second language proficiency predicts self-perceptions of general sarcasm use among bilingual adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 38(4), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19865764
Tortoriello, G. K., Hart, W., & Richardson, K. (2019). Predicting perceived harmful intent from the Dark Tetrad: A novel cognitive account of interpersonal harm. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.020
Tuters, M. (2018). LARPing & liberal tears. Irony, belief and idiocy in the deep vernacular web. In M. Fielitz, & N. Thurston (Eds.), Post-digital cultures of the far right (pp. 37-48). transcript Verlag.
Van de Vijver, F., & Hambleton, R. K. (1996). Translating tests. European Psychologist, 1(2), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.89
van Mulken M., Burgers C., & van der Plas B. (2010). Wolves, confederates, and the happy few: The influence of comprehension, agreement, and group membership on the attitude toward irony. Discourse Processes, 48(1), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638531003692177
Warner-Søderholm, G. (2013). Beyond a literature review of Hall’s context dimension: Scale: Development, validation & empirical findings within a Norwegian study. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(10), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n10p27
Wilson, D., & Sperber, D. (2012). Meaning and relevance. Cambridge University Press.
Whalen, J. M., Pexman, P. M., & Gill, A. J. (2009). “Should be fun—not!” Incidence and marking of nonliteral language in e-mail. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28(3), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09335253
Whalen, J. M., Pexman, P. M., Gill, A. J., & Nowson, S. (2013). Verbal irony use in personal blogs. Behaviour & Information Technology, 32(6), 560-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2011.630418
Wojciszke, B. (2002). Autopromocja i autodeprecjacja: Kwestionariusz Stylów Autoprezentacji [Self-promotion and self-deprecation: The self-presentation styles questionnaire]. Psychologia Jako?ci ?ycia, 1, 145–17.
Woodland, J., & Voyer, D. (2011). Context and intonation in the perception of sarcasm. Metaphor and Symbol, 26, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2011.583197
Yao, J., Song, J., & Singh, M. (2013). The ironical Chinese bei-construction and its accessibility to English speakers. Journal of Pragmatics, 55, 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.003
Young, D. G. (2019). Irony and outrage: The polarized landscape of rage, fear, and laughter in the United States. Oxford University Press.
Yow, W. Q., & Markman, E. M. (2011). Bilingualism and children's use of paralinguistic cues to interpret emotion in speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(4), 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000404
Zaj?czkowska, M. K. (2017). Influence of voice intonation on understanding irony by Polish-speaking preschool children. Psychology of Language and Communication, 20(3), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0017
Zaj?czkowska, M., & Abbot-Smith, K. (2020). Using shared knowledge to determine ironic intent; a conversational response paradigm. Journal of child language, 47(6), 1170-1188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000920000045
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Array